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Native American gambling is a specific endeavor and refers to casino-style operations, bingo halls and other forms of gambling, conducted in Indian reservations or other tribal lands across the United States. Since the state governments are restrained in prohibiting such activities in these territories, as postulated by the 1988 Indian Gaming Regulatory Act, all tribal.

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The 7th Street Casino in Kansas City, Kansas, owned and operated by the Wyandotte Nation, is one of five tribal casinos in the state. (Credit: Michelle Tyrene Johnson, KCUR)

Tribal casinos receive a lot of attention. What doesn’t receive as much attention is the higher incidence of problem gambling among Native Americans compared to the rest of the population.

Washington University’s David Patterson Silver Wolf has studied how the Native American population has a higher rate of gambling addiction than the average rate of the general population. Estimates put the problem-gambling rate among Native Americans at 2.3 percent, more than double the rate among all adults.

Problem-Gambling Rates

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Asian Americans: 2.3%
Native Americans: 2.3%
African-Americans: 2.2%
White Americans: 1.2%
Hispanic Americans: 1%

National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions Where Does All The Indian Casino Money Go

And where there is gambling abuse, there are other problems.

David Patterson Silver Wolf, a researcher at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, studies gambling addiction, including among Native American gamblers. (Credit: David Patterson Silver Wolf)

“Substance-abuse disorder sort of co-occurs with gaming disorders. I was involved in a study looking at American Indian gaming and how those two things play together and how one might protect the other or might influence the other,” said Silver Wolf, a Cherokee descendant.

Silver Wolf said that Native Americans who aim to live a traditional life — such as going to ceremonies and refraining from alcohol and drugs — have the least amount of problems with gambling.

“More-traditional Natives are more-healthy Natives. And you can talk about going back to learning your language, learning your culture. Doing all of those things are protective for health matters,” said Silver Wolf.

That is why there is an effort to connect people to their culture in Native American communities.

Benefits And Temptations

The Indian Gaming Regulatory Act of 1988 paved the way for tribal gaming. Today, 28 states have tribal casinos, which are hosted on reservations. Last year they earned more than $32 billion in revenue, according to the American Gaming Association (AGA), a leading trade organization for the gaming industry.

A portion of the gaming revenue gets shared with individuals in tribes where the casinos are located. The money also benefit communities — supporting education, buildings and services. And casinos also provide jobs in the thousands, although exactly how many is not clear. The AGA puts the number at more than 600,000, while the Bureau of Labor Statistics puts it at closer to 100,000.

Problem Gambling

Two million(1% of U.S. adults) are estimated to meet criteria for pathological gambling in a given year. Another four to six million (2-3%) would be considered problem gamblers; That is, they do not meet the full diagnostic criteria for pathological gambling but meet one of more of the criteria and are experiencing problems due to their gambling behavior.National Council on Problem Gambling

“What happens is that community wants to support that homegrown casino,” said Silver Wolf. “And why wouldn't they find ways to go in there and support that, even if it costs them an extra tax on them if they spend their own money?”

And with the benefits, there are challenges.

Jack Conrad will tell anyone he’s an alcoholic in recovery. When it comes to the hold that gambling has over him, he’s less open. He will say he knows he has to keep himself away from casinos.

Why is gambling addictive?

Gambling can stimulate the brain's reward system much like drugs or alcohol can, leading to addiction. Exactly what causes someone to gamble compulsively isn't well-understood. Like many problems, compulsive gambling may result from a combination of biological, genetic and environmental factors.Mayo Clinic

“Addictions are addictions, and you got to face your problems, so you got to stay aware of the trigger points,” Conrad says.

Jack Conrad, a member of the Cherokee tribe, visits the office of his counselor where he gathers additional support. (Credit: Michelle Tyrene Johnson, KCUR)

Conrad is from Oklahoma, where there are about 130 tribal casinos. There are at least six casinos to tempt Conrad in the Kansas City, Missouri, area where he lives now.

However, it was in Oklahoma where Conrad realized how devastating gaming could be. A man attending a meeting for people addicted to alcohol and drugs shared how gambling destroyed his life.

“He talked about (how) he's lost everything: his wife, his kids, his home. He gave it all away to the casinos. And that caught my attention. I'll never forget it,” Conrad said.

Silver Wolf said that gaming addiction is not about a personal or a moral failing.

“Addiction, substance-abuse disorder, is a brain disorder,” he said.

Elevated Risk

According to the AGA, there are about 500 tribal casinos around the country. And their proliferation since 1988 presents a complex issue for Native Americans, many of whom are prime candidates for gaming abuse or addictions. Meanwhile, the positive impact that casino revenue has on lives is seen everywhere, in better health care, schools, roads and other community needs.

Problem Gambling or gambling addiction

Gambling behavior patterns that compromise, disrupt or damage personal, family or vocational pursuits. Characterized by an increasing preoccupation with gambling, a need to bet more money more frequently, restlessness or irritability when attempting to stop, and “chasing” losses.National Council on Problem Gambling

Where Does Native American Casino Money Go

Often, there’s no contest between the two.

“The goodwill of helping their own people sort of wanes, and the addiction takes over,” Silver Wolf said.

Timothy Fong, an addiction psychiatry professor and co-director of the University of California, Los Angeles Gambling Studies Program, is another expert who has studied how race and ethnicity intersect with gambling problems.

“You have to have ethnic-specific programming and treatment, but we also have to understand what are the specific cultures that drive elevated risk,” Fong said. “We certainly know, for years, about increased alcoholism and substance-abuse problems among Native Americans. And the questions are: Are those same risk factors what drive gambling problems? Or, is there something unique about gambling to the tribes that are causing some problems there?”

Social Worker Patrick Pruitt sits in his office at the Kansas City Indian Center, where he counsels Native American clients seeking help on various issues. (Credit: Michelle Tyrene Johnson | KCUR)

Patrick Pruitt, social worker with the Indian Center in Kansas City, Missouri, said that above and beyond race, gambling abuse and addiction is a socio-economic issue.

“If they're desperate to try to get their rent paid or get groceries or get their car payme